Mobile Ip

Checkpoint – Current State of Mobile IP Lori J. Babler IT241 September 29, 2011 Richard Pierce Checkpoint – Current State of Mobile IP After completing some internet research on Mobile IP, I discovered that it is currently being used in situations where a Mobile Network is required. A Mobile Network is a completely wireless network in which its devices are continuously moving and never really in one particular place. A completely Mobile Network requires that the devices within it have two simultaneous IP Addresses one of which is used for local networking off of the local router and another which is used when roaming into other networks. The obvious advantage to this technology is that mobile devices can have continuous connection with the internet or a mobile network without any interruption of service. The disadvantage that I felt was important is that the foreign IP address hosts must be configured as such (GANGULY, 2009). I feel that what is holding Mobile IP back is the fact that this technology is not seen by the user it isn’t knowledge to the user. Only the network administrators or engineers are aware of the configuration required to implement this technology. I also feel that because the foreign IP Hosts require configuration to become Mobile IP that there is a lapse in its popularity. Another strong reason is that the technology is still being perfected (GANGULY, 2009) and once that occurs I feel it will boom. I do think that this technology will become a standard for mobile computing eventually but just as with all technology, society needs to catch up with it first. Reference GANGULY, K. (2009). The Study of Mobile IP Retrieved from www. cs. wichita. edu/~chang/lecture/cs843/project/†¦ /kg-mobile_ip. do†¦

Sustainability Report on Recyclable Waste

Sustainability Report 1. Introduction This study base on human and environment, focal point on the trash and recycling in Auckland, speaking about the rubbish job formation, current state of affairs, job with apprehension and analysis severally, and above this, some thoughts and suggestions put frontward to sustainability operation. Through the analysis on current state of affairs and countermeasures of trash, in order to alarm people pay great attending to the scientific trash recycling. 2. Background With the rapid development of societal economic system in Auckland, great alterations have taken topographic point in society and the life of occupants, big sum of industrial and commercial merchandises rush into Auckland ingestion market, enter 1000s of families, during populating criterion has been improved at the same clip, waste besides increased twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, â€Å"Only in 2013 waste on norm about 800kg per individual of industrial, commercial and households waste is sent to landfill that is a sum of about 1.2 million dozenss per twelvemonth. Two tierces of this can be recycled or composted† —Auckland City council. ( 2013 ) Get your trash Sorted 2013 More than natural environmental self-purification ability, waste accretion and bit by bit evolved into a immense job into populating life, impact and harm occupants wellness. On the other manus the depletion of the Earth ‘s resources and natural resources run out, there will necessarily come a twenty-four hours when population outstrips available resources, hence sustainability go more and more of import for our beautiful metropolis. 3. Reclaimable waste Reclaimable waste including paper, metal, plastic, glass, through the recycling, it cut down the pollution, saves the resources. â€Å"For every ton of paper recycled can be made of paper for 850 kgs, salvaging 300 kgs forests, 74 % less pollution ; Recycling 1 dozenss of fictile bottle can acquire 0.7 dozenss stuffs, preserves about 7,200 kWh of electricity ; Each 1 dozenss of Fe and steel can be refined as steel 0.9 dozenss, compared with the original cost nest eggs of 47 % , Reduces air pollution by 75 % , cut down H2O pollution and solid waste 97 % .† —Cactuslab.Zerowaste New Zealand. ( 2014 ) 4. Situation in commercial rubbish recycle Now with rapid development of economic system in Auckland, commercial waste become a of import portion of rubbish recycling, it has particular facts of big sum volume and high recycle frequence and more focussed reclaimable resource. Merely one normal nutrient town in Auckland can direct 300 kilogram waste composition board stopping point to 1 ton of general waste to rubbish cod topographic point every twenty-four hours. However some unsustainable pattern go on in most of commercial rubbish recycle. In Auckland commercial topographic point like nutrient town, fast nutrient shop, warehouse and supermarket they merely collect waste composition board as reclaimable resource and immense figure of other reclaimable resource like paper cups, plastic bottles, glass bottles and Cola tins etc. are treat as general trash, they are compacted with kitchen waste and other waste all together sent to landfill, two tierces of this are reclaimable resource, which is a immense waste. 5. Cause of this pattern The ground of this unsustainable pattern happen is community affect. how community non supplying a right thought of commercial trash recycling, the ground may as below. 5.1. Cardboard is the major reclaimable waste in commercial topographic point. 5.2. Cardboard is easy to roll up and easy to recycle. 5.3. Other reclaimable waste is non every bit much as composition board and difficult to screen. 5.4. Peoples lack of sustainability consciousness. 5.5. Lack of ordinance and attending from metropolis council. 5.6. Community merely provide unlifelike recycle bin, no other bins for other reclaimable resource. Auckland metropolis council concentrating on composition board recycling alternatively of all reclaimable resource affects community pay less attending in commercial trash recycling, this error affects dozenss of reclaimable resource wasted every twenty-four hours. If Auckland metropolis council could beef up direction in this country, the community will be wholly different on recycling reclaimable resource.What authorities is making better on families rubbish recyclingThere is large difference between families and commercial trash recycle Government is making better in family than commercial rubbish recycle, metropolis council provide bluish bin for reclaimable waste and ruddy bin for general waste and roll up them every hebdomad and completed ordinance system on family rubbish recycle and they will non function you or capital punish if person is making incorrect on rubbish recycling. so people has higher sustainability consciousness, every individual individual is mobilized on sust ainability, nevertheless in commercial rubbish recycle, people don’t truly care about it, they may believe it is merely a occupation no demand attention about it or they are excessively busy on working no clip to care about it or it merely says â€Å"put composition board in the bin† why should I blow my clip. These are perfectly incorrect thought, because of these incorrect ideas make godforsaken addition twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours and dozenss of reclaimable resource wasted. 7. The development to do it more sustainable. 7.1. Laws and ordinances system Complete the Torahs and ordinances on the direction of commercial rubbish recycle system. From basic to state people that it may offence the jurisprudence by wrong rubbish dumped or recycle. 7.2. Economic penalty A sensible economic penalty strength addition will alarm people and besides increase the capital investing on rubbish recycle. 7.3. Waste recycling discriminatory policy To promote Auckland occupants, people get reward to take part in rubbish recycling, rubbish aggregation and disposal work. Realization the mobilisation of every individual individual in Auckland. 7.4. Establish a right rubbish recycle construct sufficiently accurate of promotion helps people understand no affair who you are, where you are, what you do, the right rubbish recycle thought should be along with you. 7.5. Waste minimization Get downing from the beginning of waste, avoid waste coevals, cut down the waste. The Waste Minimisation Act 2008 advocator a decreased waste generate and disposal in New Zealand and aims to cut down injury of waste to the environment. 7.6. the classified aggregation and recycling Detail rubbish categorization, detail the rubbish sorting bins, to roll up more utile reclaimable resource. â€Å"In Japan, every town has its ain series of hipster refuse bags for specific classs of rubbish. My town has four ; others have more: Kamikatsu, in Shikoku, has 44.† —by Eryk Salvaggio. ( 2013 ) This Nipponese Life 8. Decision Earth resource is drying up, waste sum is increasing, non merely affects the economical development of Auckland, but besides the whole universe. Reduce and command the waste on the environment pollution is a manner of sustainability that Auckland metropolis must travel. We must better the supervising and direction system, develop more advanced rubbish disposal engineering, walk on the route of sustainability, combine environmental protection and economical development in the coordination, with the government’s supervising and strong support and a positive response from Auckland occupants, environment quality can be improved. The relationship between homo and the environment is so close, environment pollution can non be ignored, the rubbish recycling should non be underestimated, waste is a misplaced resource, turn it into hoarded wealth, for our zero waste sustainable universe. 9. Mentions: Auckland City Council. ( 2013 ) Get your trash Sorted 2013. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/environmentwaste/rubbishrecycling/Documents/rubbishrecyclingguide2013.pdf Cactuslab. ( 2014 ) Zerowaste New Zealand. ( 2014 ) .Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.zerowaste.co.nz/what-is-waste/facts-figures/ Mfe. ( 2013 ) The New Zealand Waste Strategy. ( 2013 ) .Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/waste-strategy/wastestrategy.pdf NZ.GOVT ( 2008 ) Waste Minimisation Act 2008.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2008/0089/latest/DLM999802.html Eryk Salvaggio. ( 2013 ) This Nipponese Life.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //thisjapaneselife.org/2010/08/27/on-sorting-garbage-in-japan- % E5 % B1 % 91 % E9 % 81 % B8 % E5 % 88 % A5/

Developing a Coordinated School Health Approach to Child Obesity Prevention Essay

Introduction Obesity is now become an epidemic among school going young adolescence in developed countries. The prevalence rate of childhood obesity is considerably high in developed countries. Similarly, prevalence rate of obesity is increasing in developing countries too (James 2004). It is estimated that there are 250 million adult obese people live worldwide (Seidell 1999). Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases like hypertension, heart diseases, diabetes type 2 and even cause cancer. So, increase prevalence of obesity means increase global burden of chronic diseases which indirectly affects the status of global economy. Obesity caused about 9% of total annual medical expenditure in the US in 1998 (Finkelstein, Fiebelkorn and Wang 2003). According to Ogden et al. (2006), 19% of children aged 6 to 11 years are obese and 18% are overweight in the US. Given the wide array of devastating health, social and economic consequences of obesity, the continuing escalating rates of childhood ob esity, not least among rural dwellers in the USA, is a great public health concern. Consequently, lot of attention has been paid to the need for effective preventions programmes. Of such programmes is â€Å"Winning with Wellness† programme in Appalachia- a rural area in the US. Based on the evaluation report of the programme by Schetzina et al (2009), this paper reviews activities, approach, framework and theories of the programme. ‘Winning with Wellness’ Programme The school-based health programme â€Å"Winning with Wellness† was introduced as a pilot project in an elementary school in rural Appalachia as a way to promote healthy eating and physical activity for elementary school children (Schetzina et al. 2009). The programme was based upon the coordinated school health (CSH) approach that was developed in 1988 (TN Gov 2010). The aim of the pilot programme was to prevent obesity which is a major problem, particularly in rural areas in the US (Schetzina et al. 2009). The programme was supported financially by community collation and it was implemented together with the school based programme in Tennessee (TN Gov 2010). There are eight different components to improve the lifestyle of students and their families: health education; health services; counselling, psychological and social services; nutrition; physical education; school staff wellness; healthy school environment, and student, parents and community involvement (CDC 2008). The s chool authority established indoor and outdoor walking trails to enhance physical activity among students. Teachers received a training to guide the students properly in such physical activity. A proper nutrition service to promote healthy eating among students was installed such that a registered dietician was assigned to develop ‘Go, Slow and Whoa’ programme which categorized the foods according to their nutritional value and advised the school food service coordinator to supply light diets. Teachers were responsible to provide information about the ‘Go, slow and Whoa’ to students to improve their knowledge about nutritional value of the food and this kind of lesson enable a student to identify healthy and unhealthy diet. School administration also encouraged parents to help their children to choose the healthy diet during lunch in school or at home. Besides students, this health promotion intervention also advocated teachers and staffs to lead a healthy life by increasing physical exercise and taking healthy diet. A counselling and psychological service was available to develop personal skill among the students about physical exercise and active lifestyle. This health promotion intervention maintained all kind of ethical issues such as consent were taken from both students and parents to participate into this pilot project (Schetzina et al. 2009). Third and fourth graders participated in the programme, in total 114 children. Model As stated before in the evaluation report by Schetzina et al. (2009) ‘Winning with Wellness’ Programme was based on the Co-ordinated School Health (CSH) model. The latter was based on the traditional three-component model, where a school health program is defined in terms of health instruction, health services, and a healthful environment. This model was expanded and eight essential components were suggested: nutrition services, health education, physical, education, school health services, counselling and psychological services, healthy school environment, health promotion for school staff and participation of community. Diane Allensworth and Lloyd Kolbe first proposed a health promotion model for school health in a professional literature in 1987 which is now known as Coordinated School Health (CSH) model (CDC 2008). This model placed emphasis on creating supportive environments for students by different measures and the new version has been used and adopted in many health prevention programmes (Schetzina et al. 2009). The CSH model is not based upon the Tannahill Model of Health Promotion where health promotion is defined in terms of health education, health protection, and ill-health prevention. Similarly, CSH model is not based upon the Tones Model of Health Promotion which considers empowerment as the main theme of health promotion practice. According to the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986), health promotion strategies should be adapted to the local needs, although there are similarities with the CSH, this approach was not based upon the Ottawa Charter. The CSH offered a way to change the school and ideas were explored and altern ative solutions and approaches could be examined in the classroom. Teachers understood and examined the realities of children’ circumstances and choices and the understanding provided a change to bring and implement better choices for the children. Approach According to Schetzina et al. (2009), community-based participatory research (CPBR) approach was used in ‘Winning with Wellness’ health promotion programme. CBPR is a collaborative approach and this approach is now seen as an alternative to the traditional research approach (Tandon et al. 2007). In this programme, a collaboration of teachers, health care providers, parents, community members and researchers was established to make the following obesity prevention programme effective and evaluate outcome of the programme precisely (Schetzina et al. 2009). Some researchers suggest that in rural areas, parents and community involvement in an important element in an obesity intervention (Hawley, Beckman and Bishop 2006) because of scarcity of resources for health promotion in rural elementary schools (Nelson et al. 2006). To compensate the shortness of healthcare facilities, it is obviously a good decision to choose CPBR which ensures multiple level of influence from individ ual behaviours to family settings, local community and health care services to decrease rate of overweight and obesity among children (Filbert et al. 2009). The approach of this school health promotion encourages children into taking action, and it brings materials and information into the classroom (Collins et al. 2002). The idea of involving parents, families, and school is described as a way of increasing the commitment and ensuring positive educational and health outcomes (TN Gov 2010). Approaches that use several different strategies and include several different people are more successful than an approach that relies on health information and instruction (Collins et al. 2002). The approach created a new cultural norm where healthy and physical activity was promoted and encouraged. The approach also included many different people and resources. The approach opened up ways for new ideas about how to make health promotion a part of changes in school and improvements in the school environment (Veugelers and Fitzgerald 2005). Furthermore, it lowered the risk for chronic disease in adulthood, and helped to promote healthy behaviour that might lead to life-long habits. This health approach can also reduce absenteeism, reduce classroom behaviour problems, improve performance, and prepare students to be productive members of the community (TN Gov 2008). In addition, the approach supports teacher and staff to improve their health and act as role models for the children. However, such kind of programme requires extensive planning and funding and cannot be considered as a short-term approach (TN Gov 2010). Moreover, the success of a school-based programme relies on the cooperation and positive attitude of several groups of professional, as well as parental involvement in the ‘Winning with Wellness’. Programme was more expensive when compared to health promotion programmes that solely focus on health information and instruction (Schetzina et al. 2009). However, changes are not easy to achieve and there is no simple formula. The approach might need to be adapted and changed to suit the needs of specific commun ities (Summerbell et al. 2005). Though this approach has many advantages, it takes longer to implement in new schools, and preparations are needed in order for the approach to be successful in new areas. Theory A theoretical framework helps an individual to focus and clarify intentions and desires with a certain health promotion approach (Naidoo and Wills 2000). Furthermore, a theoretical framework offers a foundation upon which to explain the approach and the benefits that can be expected from a certain approach. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP) was used in this programme (Schetzina et al. 2009). This theory is often used to predict positive health behaviours, and it is based on cognitive processing and level of behaviour change. The TBP is used for assessing factors influencing behavioural motivation and action that may be used to exploring and predicting intention related to diet (Conner et al. 2003). Analysis of factors related to beliefs underlying diet and health choices can be examined, and the model can be used for explaining human behaviour (Ajzen and Fishbein 2005). Three different predictors of health behaviour are used: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control (Nejad, Wertheim and Greenwood 2005). Health behaviours are influenced by the individuals’ personal emotion and affect-laden nature; however, a weakness of the TBP theory is that it does not take emotions into account (Dutta-Bergman 2005). Nevertheless, the TBP can be used to understand p eople’s volitional behaviour, and it can explain the relationship between behavioural intention and actual behaviour. Furthermore, it has improved the predictability of exercises and diet (Baranowski et al. 2003). The theory also takes into account the individual’s social behaviour by considering social norm. Research suggests that this theory is good at explaining intention, and perceived behavioural control (Godin and Kok 1996). Critical analysis of the programme: Traditionally, school-health approaches have focused on knowledge rather than attitudes and skills (Naidoo and Wills 2000). The co-ordinated school health approach challenges the view that pupils will change their behaviour when they have information and knowledge. The CSH works on several different levels in order to promote physical activity and healthy eating (TN Gov 2010). The CSH approach is an ongoing process and the success relies on successful communication between the different groups, professionals, and individuals involved in the programme. A common goal and vision is important and the responsibilities and accountability are shared between the participating groups (Fetro 2005). Even though the groups may support each other, they also function independently. The question is whether a school-based health programmes â€Å"go beyond the intended function of schools† (Miller 2003 p.7). It could be argued that knowledge about health lays the foundation for successful schooling (Miller 2003). However, introducing more programmes into the curriculum is always difficult and schools often have problems to link and include health services and the community in their programmes (Miller 2003). The co-ordinator has the ultimate responsibility for implementing the CSH approach, and it is not recommended that this position is held by the school nurse, unless there is a small school system (TN Gov 2010). A school nurse provides an important link between school, home and the community, and he/she also provides counselling to the pupils. However, the co-ordinator has a wide range of responsibilities: liaison; facilitator; partnership-builder; data collector; report writer; public awareness developer; advocate, information sharer, and overall school system organiser (TN Gov 2010). The co-ordinator develops healthy school teams, and facilitates a system-wide school advisory council. Thus, the responsibility for the successful implementation lies mostly on the co-ordinator. The school nurse is responsible for assessment, planning, and direct care of the children. In addition, the co-ordination between the school and community health care professionals ensures early intervention. The idea is that the health education is implemented into the daily school life, and the education is provided by health educators, teacher, school counsellors, school nurse, dieticians, and community health professionals. During the school years the foundation for lifelong habits are laid, and it is crucial to help children develop healthy habits (Lynagh, Schofield and Sanson-Fisher 1997). An advantage with using school based health approaches is that existing structures and systems are already in place (Miller 2003). Schools have a curriculum into which a health programme can be implemented. Furthermore, using existing structures are cost effective and schools have also been screened for acceptability. Moreover, a school based approach reaches the staff and the people working at school. Teachers and staff may change their own behaviour and become more aware of their eating and exercise habit. School based approaches reach all children in society and the approach can be targeted at specific minority populations. The nutrient programme is developed in the school; consequently, changes can be implemented when the children, teacher and their families are ready and motivated for the change. Policies regarding vending machines, the food and drink children bring to school, can be discussed and evaluated together with the co-ordinator, nurse, and school board (NICE 2006). Advice and care should be non-discriminatory and culturally appropriate, and the character of the CSH approach allows for schools and communities to implement approaches that are adapted to students with disabilities and from ethnic minorities (Naidoo and Wills 2000). Physical education and fitness activities are planned according to the national curriculum (TN Gov 2010). A recent report suggests that more time spent on physical activity does not impair academic attainment (Murray et al. 2007). The CSH approach is flexible in the sense that more physical activity can be added without changing the curriculum, for example, lunch or morning activities (TN Gov 2010). The role of parents and community is to be involved, and school administrator teachers and school health staff actively try to involve the family in the health promotion (TN Gov 2010). The CSH approaches were developed to be a long-term approach where funding was guaranteed (Warwick, Mooney and Oliver 2009). In some cases it may be difficult to receive funding especially since the success of the programme is difficult to evaluate, partly because there are a wide range of programmes and ways to implement the CSH approach (Warwick, Mooney and Oliver 2009). Teachers could be considered as weak link in the programme; however, research suggests that teachers often support programmes (TN Gov 2010). There might be conflicting interest, and teachers who play a vital role in a school-based health promotion programme, may focus on knowledge that can be gained from including health in the curriculum. In contrast, the school nurse may emphasise reducing health risks associated with overweight and obesity (St Leger et al. 2007). Thus, the approach relies on the co-ordinator, head teachers, and the school to identify and agree on the most useful and fruitful outcomes for their programme (Warwick, Mooney and Oliver 2009). There are likely to be variations in programme implementation; every co-ordinator works together with the school and different solutions to reach the goal may be used (Warwick, Mooney and Oliver 2009). Although, a flexible approach has its advantages it can also mean that some schools may integrate concern for health widely across the curriculum, whereas other may choose to focus on specific health issues. As a consequence it is difficult to evaluate the success of the programme. The strength of the approach is that every school has different programmes and services and the solutions and approach are developed to suit a specific school or area. A school can examine their specific needs and resources, although, many programmes are related to the eight components. The full benefit of the CSH approach is perhaps not possible unless you also involve parents (Veugelers and Fitzgerald, 2005). Choices and activities after school influence a child’s chances of becoming obese, and a healthy lifestyle may be difficult for children to change the food and beverage intake at home. Furthermore, if the family is not physically active it may be difficult for children to change the pattern. However, here BMI Index was used as the measurement of obesit y of students. There are several problems related to BMI and some of these could be related to the received result in the programme. There are several limitations with the use of BMI index and the index is sometimes combined with a measurement of the waist circumference. The index does not measure fat itself and it does not take into account the skeletal size, amount of body water or muscle mass (EUPHIX 2009). Moreover, the measurement does not reflect body changes when a person is changing his or her height over time. Thus, the index underestimates the degree of overweight in short children and overestimates overweight in tall children. Considering that the programme involved young children it would have been preferable to use some more measurement to examine any changes in body fat percentage. The location of the fat is important, and the children might have lost fat around the waist and gained in muscle strength, which would have an effect on the body fat percentage (BNET UK 2010 ). Recommendations: There are several advantages with using the CSH model to health promotion. This model provides a wide range of opportunities for children to learn and experience healthy lifestyle choice and activities by concentrating and integrating a wide range of people and resources both inside and outside the classroom (TN Gov 2010). This type of studies needs to be combined with studies exploring what choices children makes after the school day. By limiting the intervention and evaluation of the approach to the school day, it is difficult to first of all evaluate the program, but also to determine the best strategies towards helping children. It is possible the children compensated the healthier choices with an increase in unhealthy behaviours after school. A review of health programmes suggests that the most effective programmes involve parents (O’Dea 1993). Working together with parents to promote healthy food choices at school is not always easy; however, it is vital to include parents and many parents pack their children school lunches (KidsHealth 2010). Furthermore, there are problems linked to promoting physical activity with children walking to and from school as parents are reluctant to let their children walk and play outside after school. Conclusion: Health promotion deals with â€Å"raising the health status of individuals and communities† (Ewles and Simnett 2003 p. 23). However, it is often used to refer to planned activities or programmes (Tones and Tilford 2001). This programme was based on theory of planned behaviour, Co-ordinated School health model, and school-setting approach. The programme provided a way to help children to make healthier lifestyle choices, and the children in the study changed some of their choices related to food. They were also more physically active. The CSH model provided a framework for the school health programme in rural Appalachia and the results suggests that this may be valuable. In addition, the approach provides teacher and children with knowledge that can be used to change the school and ideas can be explored and alternative solutions and approaches can be examined in the classroom. Health promotion in school is one step in the right direction to solving problems related to the growt h of childhood obesity. A broad holistic approach is recommended which encourage physical, social, spiritual, mental, and emotional wellbeing of both children and the staff at school (LTS 2010). N.B.: TN Gov – Tennessee Government CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention REFERENCES: Ajzen I, and Fishbein M (2005) The influence of attitudes on behaviour. In Albarracin D, Johnson B T, Zanna M P (Eds.) The handbook of attitudes pp. 173-222. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Allensworth D D and Kolbe L J (1987) The comprehensive school health program: Exploring an expanded concept. Journal of School Health 57(10): 409–411. Baranowski T, Cullen K W, Nicklas T, Thompson D and Baranowski J (2003) Are Current Health Behavioral Change Models Helpful in Guiding Prevention of Weight Gain Efforts? Obesity Research 11: 23–43. 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Family Community Health, 32(3): 271-285 Seidell J C (1998) Obesity: a growing problem. Acta Paediatrica Supplimentum 88(428):46-50. Summerbell C D, Waters E, Edmunds L, Kelly S, Brown T and Campbell K J (2005) Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3:1–88. Tandon D, Phillips K, Bordeaux B, Bone L, Brown P B, Cagney K, Gary T, Kim M, Levine D, Price E, Sydnor K D, Stone K and Bass E B (2007) Vision for Progress in Community Health Partnerships. The Johns Hopkins University Press [online] Retrieved 26.07.2010 from: http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/progress_in_community_health_partnerships/1.1tandon.pdf Tennessee Government (2010) [online] Retrieved 15.07.2010 from: http://www.tennessee.gov/education/schoolhealth/aboutcsh.shtml Tones K and Tilford S (2001) Health promotion – effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Delta Place, Cheltenham: Nelson Thorns Ltd. Veugelers P J and Fitzgerald A L (2005) Effectiveness of school programs in preventing childhood obesity: a multilevel comparison. American Journal of Public Health 95(3): 432–435. Warwick I, Mooney A and Oliver C (2009) National healthy school programmes: Developing the evidence base. London: TCRU. WHO (1986) The Ottawa Charter for health promotion [online] Retrieved 20.04.2010 from: http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/

“If You Educate a Boy, You Educate an Individual but If You Educate a Girl, You Educate a Nation”. Do You Agree?

The quote, â€Å"If you educate a boy, you educate an individual but if you educate a girl, you educate a nation† originated from an African proverb. It might have originated  because of the societal roles of men and women, society’s expectations, and the contribution each gender has made to the community. Both men and women have educated the nation in many different ways, either by contributing to the society, or to their families. Hence, I disagree with  this quote, as  not all men have never educated a nation.In society, men and women are expected to contribute to the society in different ways. The way they contribute to the society, and if it is seen as a contribution is affected by the societal roles and expectations of both genders. In a typical developed country, the societal role and expectations  of men is to be the breadwinner of the family, while women are expected to take care of the family, stay at home, and do domestic chores. However, the societal expectations of women are starting to change.More women are educated, and more are working, but women who work are expected to be able to balance work, and family. Men are usually seen as successful if they have a stable income and are able to support their families financially. It usually falls into the mother's responsibility to educate the children, which leads to ‘if you educate a girl, you educate the whole nation', as educating the children eventually leads to the children growing up and teaching their children, which includes the things that their parents taught them.On the other hand, no matter how busy the father is, there are still some occasions in which the father has disciplined the children, and taught the children, which, again, by teaching the children, leads to a contribution to society. Hence, the quote does not really apply here, as men and women both have contributions to the society; fathers and mothers both educate their children. The National Center for Educational Statistics reported that when fathers are involved in their children's education, the kids were more likely to get As, enjoy school, and participate in extracurricular activities.Also, researchers have found out that children whose fathers are involved in rearing them fare better on cognitive tests and in language ability than those with less responsive or involved fathers. Improved cognitive abilities are usually associated with higher educational achievement. In fact, fathers who are involved in their children's schools and academic achievement, regardless of their own educational level, are increasing the chances their child will graduate from high school, and perhaps go to vocational school, or even to college.On the other hand, researchers have discovered that mothers are more likely to encourage assimilative and communion-enhancing patterns in their children, and  to acknowledge their children's contributions in conversation. Furthermore, the way mothers speak t o their children is better suited to support very young children in their efforts to understand speech (in context of the reference English). Hence, if you educate a boy or girl, you educate the whole nation, as both men and women have different ways of contributing to the society, and educating the nation.The societal roles, societal expectations, and the examples of men and women who have contributed to society that I have mentioned above mainly apply to the people who live in a developed country. For example, countries like the United Kingdom, United States of America, and Singapore. However, it does not necessarily mean that the quote is true for less-developed or developing countries, for example, Africa. The societal role of men and women in Africa is almost the same as the more developed countries – the exception: only a few women in Africa are allowed to go to school.However, even though only a few women in Africa are allowed to go to school, it doesn’t necessa rily mean that they are not educated. They could have been educated by their parents, and educated the society by teaching their children. For example, African mothers often pass down folktales to their children – these folktales serve to teach their children good moral values, and help them to better understand the world around them, or skills like cooking – more often to females. In Africa, fathers are the breadwinner of the family, like in the more developed countries.In Africa, fathers educate the society by educating their children. They teach their children physical skills, like farming, and often tell their children stories about their experiences. Hence, educated men and women both contribute to their society, and educate their nation, irregardless of where they live. There are many men and women who have contributed to the society. Abraham Lincoln successfully led America through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civi l war – by preserving the Union by force while ending slavery and promoting economic modernization.He helped to bring America’s economy to new heights. During Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth I's reign in England, there were great achievements in writing and peace in England. Teddy Roosevelt worked to provide workers, consumers, business owners, farmers, and other groups an equal opportunity to succeed, and he enforced workplace inspections, and regulated product labels, among other things. Marie Curie, a famous scientist, won two Nobel prizes, is famous for her work with her husband on radioactivity, and discovered radium and polonium.Her discoveries helped the world learn more about the elements in our universe. Fredrick Douglass escaped from slavery, became the leader of the abolitionist movement, gained note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing, and stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectua l capacity to function as independent American citizens. He helped to show that slaves deserved equal rights too.Maria Montessori, the first woman to graduate from the University of Rome's Medical College, is famous for her work in the education of young children. There are so many men and women in the world who have contributed to the society, be it in educating the people, helping to improve people's lives, or to share new discoveries that could be used in improving the life of people in the world. Unlike the quote, it isn't just women who have contributed to the society, but men have also contributed to the society.Men and women have both contributed to the society, be it in the same or in different ways. It is because of their contributions to society, that they have educated the nation, either by new discoveries, helping people, or by passing their knowledge on. In conclusion, the quote â€Å"If you educate a boy, you educate an individual but if you educate a girl, you educat e a nation† doesn’t really apply in today’s context. Women might educate their family more than males do, however males still do educate their families.Furthermore, men and women both contribute to the society through work, helping their society grow economically, and socially, by discovering new information, and using it to help to contribute to the society’s growth and well-being. There are also many examples of men and women who have played a part in educating the society. With these contributions to society by both educated men and women, both genders have played a part in educating their nation, or nations.

Marketing reflections

Apart from creating ‘loyalists' who support the company at all mimes, such schemes also aim at enticing customers away from competition (Morgan, 1996). Price, location and convenience are other determinants of customer loyalty. The case study mentioned in the article presents an overall negative picture of loyalty cards In the hospitality business. It says majority of the customers purchased the loyalty cards of the hotel because it provided good value for money and cheap local deals. Despite having high satisfaction, such ‘mercenaries' had very low commitment towards the hotel (Morgan, 1996).It mentions that other means like customizing arrive for each individual, giving same room to regulars, ‘business roundtable dinners', happy hour etc. , with special attention to profitable customers, might be more successful in retaining customers. However, the above doesn't seem to hold true for supermarket chains. Owing to a change in management, Jewel Coco's move to ditch i ts loyalty card and opt for â€Å"everyday low prices† instead was not received very well by the regular customers. They felt that their right to exclusive discount was being taken away from them and thus, Coco lost quite a few customers.

W2 Disc Innovation Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W2 Disc Innovation Organization - Essay Example Two guidelines that fuel innovation at Nike are: (1) asking questions on the organization’s competencies and its directions by understanding risks and opportunities; and (2) using scenario planning to â€Å"assess the potential impacts that external issues such as climate change or resource scarcity might have on NIKE† (Nike, Inc., 2014, p. 1). These guidelines are consistent with those behaviors which managers should encourage to ensure innovation is applied: (1) ask questions to identify opportunities and problems; (2) learn new skills; (3) assume a proactive stance and take risks; and (4) align personal values and beliefs with the organizational values and goals (White & Bruton, 2011). According to Nidumolu, Pralahad, & Rangaswami (2009), â€Å"the key to progress, particularly in times of economic crisis, is innovation† (p. 1). From the guidelines set by Nike, as well as lessons learned from White & Bruton (2011), innovation could be strategically managed through the knowledge of theoretical frameworks, and effectively applying these in contempory settings, toward attaining explicitly defined goals. Nidumolu, R., Pralahad, C., & Rangaswami, M. (2009, September). Why Sustainability Is Now the Key Driver of Innovation. Retrieved from Harvard Business Review:

The Events Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Events Industry - Essay Example In this study, a report will be presented in relation to the business/trade event sector. The report will be intended towards the presenting to a new events based company Phoenix Event Planning which is looking forward to diversify into business/trade sector of event industry. Historical Development Event management is one of the fastest growing industries all over the world. It includes hosting of numerous events of distinct stature. It has been noted that arranging for birthday parties and weddings is considered as one of the social issues that needs to be managed by the trained professionals (JuliaSilvers, 2011). It was identified by UK Events Market Trends Survey (UKEMTS) that the revenues generated by the event management companies in the years 2006-2008 had been 7.2 billion. The event industry of the UK presents numerous career opportunities. There are various organisations that tend to deliver the events such as the corporate companies, agencies, publishing companies, venues a nd festivals (Leicester Shire Promotions, 2010). There are large companies who have an in-house event team such as in banks, retail companies and automotives. Most of the organisations conduct numerous events all over the year such as conferences, management meetings, customer focused events and external events such as sports and arts. Venues in the UK are capable of offering themselves as an event venue. Even at the publishing companies, there are live events that are generally conducted all through the year. With the greater scope in the event management sector, most of the companies are entering into the event management industry. One of them has been Phoenix Event Planning that entered into the markets of the UK, Lancashire in the year 2008 and is providing its services all around the UK. It aims at providing tailored services to its clients (FreeIndex, 2011). It has been noted that since the past three years the company has organised numerous parties, weddings and events for di fferent clients (Pheonix Event Planning, n.d.). It can be mentioned that the company is already into social events and cultural events. In planning to diversify into a new sector; the company can enter into business/trade shows. Tradeshows can also be known as exhibitions where the traders are allowed to demonstrate regarding their latest products to the public. Trade shows are conducted at a continuous basis by all the markets and thus tend to attract the members of the public. Exhibition has been into existence since a long period of time and the first trade show took place approximately 2500 years ago (Pyramid Visuals, n.d.). It has been noted that huge amount of money is spent in business or tradeshows/exhibitions by the marketers every year. The tradeshow organisers are providing learning contents, consultative opportunities and demonstration theatres as few of the main characteristics of the events. The companies as well take benefits of the opportunities (Conventions, 2011). Demographic Profiling It has been noted that for executing a major event, it takes almost 150 hours for an event planner as well as the staffs of the planner to execute a major event. There are innumerable numbers of business/trade events that are held in the United Kingdom. Most of the business/trade shows take place twice in a year as well. The different trade shows held are International Fire Expo, the UK national footwear exhibition, the UK national

The Ethics of Lying Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Ethics of Lying - Coursework Example m a Kantian perspective this is morally wrong, but a utilitarian perspective, where the peace of the dying person is seen as contributing to the well-being of the whole family or community, would be able to justify this as moral (Mazur, n.d.; Plante, 2011; Anscombe, n.d.; Johnson, 2008). Bullet Point 2: Kant would say, with regard to the ethics of lying, that in essence lying is wrong in all cases, and that the ethics of lying is not hinged on circumstances, but on its being always wrong regardless of the external factors. Even in the case of say, a man with a weapon asking where a person is, with the intent of killing that person, one is compelled by Kantian ethics to say where the person is. Yes the person will die in the hands of the man with the weapon, but to lie about where the person is hiding, or where he went, would be wrong according to Kant (Mazur, n.d.; Plante, 2011). Bullet Point 3: Deontological theory in essence weighs the ethics of actions based on certain rules or categories of judgment. One can say for instance that Kant’s ethical precepts rest on the application of certain rules, and falls within the realm of deontological ethics. This is in opposition to consequentialist ethics, where in essence the ethics of actions depends not on some universally applied standards but on circumstances, and the consequences of actions. This is the case for instance with utilitarian ethics (Alexander and Moore, 2011; Mazur, n.d.; Plante,

Patient and staff protection in different radiology modalities Dissertation

Patient and staff protection in different radiology modalities - Dissertation Example The study concludes by offering recommendations to be applied by Jaber Al Ahmed Armed Forces Hospital in the efforts of advancing its practices involving radiology. Summary 1: An Examination of Factors Related To Radiation Protection Practices Introduction This study was carried out by Slechta & Reagan (2008) with an objective of advancing the understanding factors connected to knowledge of as well as adherence to safety practices in radiation in which they studied four independent variables. These included initial education for the profession, participation in continuing education, the years of experience practicing in profession and nature of the work site. The study was aimed at advancing radiologic sciences education and practice while improving the safety practice in radiology. The study therefore sought to assess the knowledge of and compliance with protection practices in radiation in which independent variables and dependent variables were involved. The null hypothesis held i n this study was that the independent variables were not significantly relatable to either of the dependent variables. The study commenced with a literature review of materials related with practice compliance and radiographers’ education of five different indices of health and medicine. Notably, the literature reviewed indicated that certification in the 1970’s demanded radiation protection practices (Slechta & Reagan, 2008). The literatures also revealed trends of relationship between practicing years and radiation protection practice. A need for continued safety education was also noted in the literature reviewed in this study as well as efforts for ensuring continued education for the practitioners in radiography safety. Methodology The study involved a survey of 2000 certified radiologic technologists through questionnaires sent t o each of them and allowed for a period of one month to fill and return. The sample was obtained from the database of the American Regi stry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). The large sample (N = 2000) was selected through a simple random sampling of registrants’ summary data and characteristics. The large sample selected allowed for a high confidence level as well as a small margin error as respondent for mailing technique was expected to be low. Questionnaire Design The questionnaire s sent to the sampled practitioners had 32 items to solicit information on basic demography, the 4 independent variables, and the 2 dependent variables (knowledge of and compliance with). Of the 32 items, 10 items sought for respondent’s characteristics information on gender, age, year of experience, years certified, professional practice primary area, work site type, initial education in radiologic technology, and continuing education participation over the past year. A composite score was calculated sing knowledge of safety practice assessed by 3 multipart items. At the same time compliance was assessed with 19 item s; 6of the items for composite score and 13 for separate evaluation. And Pre-tests were carried on 40 practitioners to determine usefulness of self-report of radiologic practices, time to complete the survey, item’s clarity assessment and development of scoring method. Results The results for respondents’ characteristics showed that, from the 2000 questionnaires sent, approximately 454 satisfied the surveys requirement. Markedly, 18% (n =

Context and principle for early years provision Coursework

Context and principle for early years provision - Coursework Example The legal status of this framework denotes that there has to proper standards of learning and development and also taking proper care of children who are taking an initiative to step out of home in such a setting so as to ensure that each and every child gets proper guidance and nobody is left behind in terms of imparting learning skills (Bayley and Wallace, 2009, pp. 28-31). The framework even comprises of legal conditions in terms of providing equal opportunities to all children and prohibits any practice that is discriminatory so that no child faces any kind of disadvantage in terms of religion, gender, religion, family background, ethnicity, or learning disabilities or difficulties. The framework even consists of orderly assessment so as to ensure proper functioning of the regulation. There are such early year’s frameworks that are prevalent in UK Home Nation such as Reggio Emilia approach that is a philosophy based on education that provides pre-school or primary educatio n to young children. The approach was initiated by Loris Malaguzzi after World War II who was a teacher and was later joined by other parents of villages and is located in Italy. The other approach that is prevalent in this region is that of High/Scope which is established in Michigan and also in its nearby countries by Ypsilanti and focuses on childcare, kindergarten, or some form of settings of elementary school. This approach do not only focuses on current learning and development of young children but encompasses all possible measures by providing opportunities for their future development and growth. The other such approaches that are based on this framework comprises of Steiner, Common Core, and Montessori that are prevalent in the specific region (Blok and Fukkink, 2005, p. 35). Each of these approaches or the framework works in accordance with national and local guidance. These approaches work in

What is Wrong With the Dream Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Wrong With the Dream Act - Essay Example On the positive side, the Act perhaps advances national security because it provides a wider field for eligibility of military service. In addition, illegal immigrants have an opportunity to become lawful permanent residents, and in time citizens. It is an exaggeration of the benefits of the policy because it disregards trifling issues that may arise later in its enactment. Depressingly, it affects immigration policies and the entire immigration system, besides being a costly process (Sands 642). It is virtually impossible to swear an oath for the United States when one is still theoretically a citizen of another country, in case the unlawful immigrants serve in the military. The DREAM Act affects the immigration system because lawful immigrant would face discrimination in enjoying invaluable benefits of being a citizen. It is bigoted because lawful immigrants take three years to gain citizenship wile unlawful immigrant only need two years to acquire citizenship. This promotes unlawful immigration and destabilizes the immigration system. The Act benefits only a small population, which will enjoy education and work opportunities, while undermining the efforts of a vast majority of lawful immigrants and American citizens who are

Dr. Martin Luther King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dr. Martin Luther King - Essay Example In 1957, a new organization was born. The southern Christian Leadership Conference whose aim was to achieve the civil rights of American and King was elected the chair. In the next 11 years, he led a massive campaign against segregation and racial discrimination. He traveled over six million miles, spoke over 2500 times in public events and wrote essays against racial discrimination. In 1963, Martin Luther King attracted the attention of all America by leading the Birmingham civil rights demonstrations in Alabama (Weider History 1). Consequently, the African American pressed for change. Martin Luther King Jr. through his historic speech stressed the need for Americans to live to the spirit of the Constitution. Additionally, in his dream King wanted the Americans to judge their character and not through their skin color (Bush 1). Consequently, King's dream has been achieved in his fight against social discrimination. Martin Luther King Jr. brought many achievements to the black people in the United States of America. He fought for many years in favor of civil rights in the United States. He and other civil rights activist led the famous bus boycott in Montgomery that led to change or equalization of all American citizens despite their races. If this kind of discrimination continued, then President Barack Obama could not be elected to office in the second term as the president of the United States. Additionally, the boycott prompted the government of the United States to make a legal change.

Employee Motivation to Improve Productivity Essay

Employee Motivation to Improve Productivity - Essay Example Aspects listed as good or positive motivation that boost employees performance include, satisfaction as a contributor to an organization’s mission, job security, desire and room for career advancement, employees benefits and wages and enjoyment or passion for work (Buford 1990, p. 1). Employees not conversant with a firm’s mission and who sees no prospects of career advancement are less likely to perform. Those employees that are less remunerated were reported to perform below par compared to their motivated colleagues. They reported that, productivity suffers a setback when employees are not motivated to perform to their expectation. Highly motivated employees have been reported to be highly productive and efficient. They in turn become the key pillars of any successful organization. The output of a company is a direct reflection of the contribution and efforts of its staff, thus, weak products means less motivated staff and strong products mean efforts of a highly mot ivated and self driven group. Motivation of the employees therefore, becomes the foundation of success for any company in question (Harpaz 1990, p.75-93). In addition, another research carried out by Interpol Research Company established that lack of motivation diverts employee’s attention from task accomplishment. ... Therefore, indifference among employees has got a direct bearing on the productivity of a company (Kovach 1987, p.58-65). According to Henry Ford, quality in simple terms means doing what is right when nobody is observing. An employee having a burning desire to excel within him cannot be held back by any challenge that may come his way. Therefore, leaders who understand the importance of employee motivation create a favorable environment that ultimately supports motivation. Basics of motivation as explained by Buford (44-48), one of the founders of cognitive psychology includes ideas and impressions. He argued that impressions were the foundation of human life and this makes impression a key contributor to actions. He therefore recommended how to create impressions through a method called productivity messaging. This technique involves use of inspiring positive remarks to enhance motivating impressions. These impressions when developed enable one to adapt positive habits, instill exc ellence and lastly improve productivity. As quoted from Aristotle, â€Å"Excellence is an art, an art won through training and by habituation. Men do not act right because they posses virtue or excellence, but they posses them because they have acted rightly. What we are is what we repeatedly do. Therefore, excellence can never be an act but a habit. More often than not, the correlation existing between motivation levels of employees and productivity is often very clear. By outlining how employees contribution impact on the overall vision and mission of an organization, they feel motivated to be part of eventual success. Employees should also be assigned roles to play. Their

Pre-colombian america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pre-colombian america - Essay Example Incan empire was also a Pre-Columbian empire of America mainly concentrated in the South America. The main difference between the Aztec and the Incan empires is that the Incan empire acted like a large unified integrated empire where as the Aztec empire was considered to be a bigger city controlling a group of smaller cities. At the same time, Incan empire was larger than the Aztec empire and in fact it was the largest empire of the Pre-Columbian America during that period. Incan empire had its capital located in Cuzco. Its main concentration was in South America unlike the concentration of the Aztec empire in Central America. The origin of Incan empire was considered to be highlands of Peru during 1197. The Inca Empire was ruled by the Inca with an administrative units called dominions. Interestingly, the strength of this kingdom lied in its nature of economy in the form of the collective property of the land. They followed an aggressive policy after 1430s and concentrated much on e xpansion of kingdom especially in Western South America nearer to the Andes which comprises of present day countries like Peru, Argentina and Chile. However, during 1533 their last emperor Atahualpa, was killed due to Spanish attack under Francisco Pizarro. Hence the fall of both Aztec and Inca kingdoms was resulted due to attack from Spanish rulers. The main factor responsible for the decline of the Aztec kingdom was the human sacrifice conducted by them irrespective of social and political consequences. In other words, the blind faith in their religious and cultural feelings especially in human sacrifice gave the scope for outside rulers like the Spanish kings to attack and defeat them with a small number of soldiers. The fall of Incan empire was also due to religious factors like their illogical faith in superstitions. The very foundation of Incan empire on mythical thought, conceptualizing the

Giovanni's Room novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Giovanni's Room novel - Essay Example It is said that this issue took a long time before Descartes decided to highlight the issue in the air. On the other hand Cartesian Dualism only works on a specific factor that is if there is dual existence of man. According to the philosophical view of mind, dualism puts emphasis on the difference of radical manner between mind and matter. The issue is that there is denial of some facts in the nature of dualism. An argument states that the mind is not the same as the brain while others say that the mind is not a product of the mind. Talking of dualism, according to Descartes, man is consisted of two aspects which are matter or body and mind. These are the main factors that keep the aspect of dualism to prosper in the real world. Body or matter is the physical substance that does several physical things such as walking, talking and playing the accordion. On the other hand, mind is known as the substance of non-physical nature that has a thinking capacity, a doubting capability and it has the ability to remember several issues. It is sometimes related to the soul. In the novel Giovanni’s room, Baldwin expresses the issue of body and mind in so many issues thus going hand in hand with the argument by Descartes. For example, in the novel, time is an important aspect that is brought to show how David is out of time in making certain decisions. This shows that David is unable to think so as to make the right decisions. This means that David’s mind is not representing the roles of the mind of having the capability of thinking. Baldwin uses this scene to give a show on the issue of mind and its roles. Additionally, it is also shown in the letters written by David’s father to David urging him to make up his mind on what he is doing for his life. At one time David’s father repeatedly reminded David of his age and urged him to go back to America. This means that David

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Taxation - Essay Example This way, a universally applicable tax framework will serve to eliminate tax avoidance issues. Another argument for this proposal is based on the premise that; the establishment of such a global universally applicable tax framework will create transparent and comparable information in financial statements (Gassen & Sellhorn, 2006:n.p.). This is because, when all countries and consequent all organizations are applying a globally universal tax framework, they will produce similar and comparable financial statements in all respects, which will then enhance transparency, and consequently help end tax avoidance issues (Ault & Arnold, 2010:47). The application of a universal tax framework globally, will bring a convergence of the International Financial Standards and the accepted National Accounting Standards in different countries worldwide (Ball, R., Kothari & Robin, 2000:44). The convergence of the two set principles will the seal the possible loopholes applied for tax avoidance. First, the regulatory frameworks of different countries in relation to taxation are very different, with some taxable aspects of the incomes and revenues within some countries being exempted from tax in other countries (Hope, 2003:236). This means that establishing a universal taxation system will eventually create inherent flawed tax accounts, which are not suitable for the purpose of inspection by the authorities (Nobes, 2002:72). While financial statements are made for the purpose of the stakeholders of any organization, tax accounts are purely prepared for the purpose of authority inspection and in fulfillment of the necessary tax obligations (Barth & Lang, 2008:469). Therefore, the establishment of one international tax framework will eventually create a conflict between financial accounting and tax accounting. Another argument against the proposal is that; a universal global tax

The total cost of ownership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The total cost of ownership - Coursework Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that anti-dumping costs, for example, are associated costs that the government wants the consumer to meet based on the suitability and the usability of a product. The government argues that importing an electronic into the country increases the cost of cleaning up the environment since after using the product a consumer is likely to dump the same in the country. Coupled with the countervailing duties, the cost of importing a product into the country thus increases significantly. The total cost of ownership depends on various factors and includes numerous elements of a transaction. These include the cost associated with the pre transaction the transaction and post transaction. The three are vital and have numerous undertakings all of which have financial implications thus contributing to the total cost of ownership. Such costs as the cost of qualifying sources, the price of the product, transportation costs and follow up a nd correction costs are some of the basic costs whose values contribute to the cost of ownership. Additional factors that increase the total cost of ownership especially for global supply chains are duties levied by the government. Import duties are levies that a government attaches to every product that enters the country. Such are important taxes that coincidentally increase the cost of doing business thus raising the total cost of ownership.

Nursing journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing journals - Essay Example ical inactivity, and associated medical conditions, as well as medication, are some of the key factors the journal identifies to be a contributor to obesity. The association between obesity and the occurrence of cardiovascular condition is the primary reason for effective management of obesity in accordance to the journal (Nieswiadomy, 2012). In consideration of the prior knowledge concerning obesity and cardiovascular conditions, I find the journal among the greatest works that exclusively covers the topic of obesity and co-morbidities. Giving an epidemiological inference to the occurrence of obesity and other cardiac conditions, the journal is important in relaying information of the global significance of obesity situations. This is crucial for the health care teams and other health care policy developers to prepare measures to control obesity. Giving both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in the management of obesity, the journal is in line with the world health intervention policies on management of conditions for achievement of universal coverage of health. The journal is thus one I could consider submitting for my paper as it gives a conclusive coverage of systematic approaches in the management of obesity. It is thus agreeable obesity is a complex and multifaceted disease that is chronic and relapsing; thus, the authors of the journal identify the challenges it can pose to the clinicians making obesity a major health concern (Haidar & Cosman,

Someone who inspires me Essay Example for Free

Someone who inspires me Essay There are always the people in our lives that can be the heroes in many ways, but my life’s hero will always be my mom. She influences my life since I born until now and also sacrifice a lot in her lifetime to make my life and my sibling’s lives better. She love us unconditionally, I have become the person I am today because of her. I adore her very much, not just because she is my mom, also such an amazing person with a gold heart, my best friend for life, an advisor, kind, respectful and strong person. I am not her only children, I have a big sister and a little brother but I am my mom’s favorite children. My mom taught me how to be kind and loving but not to allow others to take my kindness for weakness, also to dream big and work hard to make those dreams a reality. Her life inspires me with confidence and great motivation on the road to success. Most of my mothers life is full of misfortunes and unexpected troubles. She lost her parents when she was 5 years old and has been raised with her aunt, she went through a lot I her childhood. However, the way that she faces with them resiliently and strongly makes her really become a hero of my life. I found that I am her favorite kid, when I was 5 old years, I begged her to take me to my Godmother, then she said; No, I don’t have time to take you there. I didn’t like her answer at all, and the next day I went to school, it was Friday but I didn’t come back home. I told my Godmother’s sister, who was 15 old years that my mom told me to go with you after class and to spend the weekend to your house. She could not think twice and she said, No problem, I will take you with me after class then. She took me with her and when our maid came to take me home after class, she could not find me. She went back home crying because she was scary and called my mom’s office to let her know what happened. My mom could not imagine that her daughter missing and she started crying and saying how she can’t live without me and took a day off right away and called for help from family members, friends and neighbors but nobody could find me, because my godmother never cross her mind that time. The worse part of her daughter been missing, my dad was out of country for job mission. The next day, my uncle announced me through the radio and my godmother that moment she was listening to a radio and found out that I lied to her sister and she took me back to my house. Seeing my mom crying was a pain for me, I cried deeply and apologized. She smiled at me and told me, I forgive you but do not do that again. She has a kindly heart to tolerate my mistakes, and she gives me endless love but asks for nothing in return. When I won the lottery (The green card)to come in United of states, I told my sister that I don’t want to leave my country because I don’t see myself living far from where my mom live. My sister told her, but I did not know that she did. That day I went to my friend’s house party and my mom came to pick me up. When mom was driving home, she saw me look incredibly down; I couldn’t imagine leaving everybody and everything, to me that was difficulty solution to make. She smiled at me and she said, Tomorrow depends on what you are doing today I pretended to be fine, and I said: I am ok, and she said: â€Å"It is a good opportunity for you, stop thinking a lot about leaving us. Everything is going to be alright. I promise! Once you get there just focus on school more than anything else and stay mom’s favorite daughter she encouraged me to be strong and to let God guide you. † That was amazing advices I got from her and when I feel down, her strength and power inspire me to overcome difficulties. I have promise myself to become a strong successful person as my mother wish.

Philosophy of Professional Nursing Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of Professional Nursing Essay Nursing as a profession includes a comprehensive strong set of principles, which should be understood and learned by each person, who decides to work in this field. Nursing philosophy, in my opinion, is not merely a philosophy of carative process, but also specific view on the patient. The present paper is designed to discuss my own approach to my profession and the related beliefs. Nursing first and foremost refers to health care, so the major value in this profession is health. I define this term as a state of physical, psychological and spiritual well-being. Individuals not always pay attention to their health, even though it substantially influences the quality of human life, so competent specialists are needed to help them understand the importance of health and lead them on their paths to positive individual and social functioning. As a nurse, or health care provided, I normally use Dunn’s approach to health as to maximum wellness, which can be described as â€Å"integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable within the environment where he is functioning† (Smerke, 1989, p. 154). Individuals tend to engage in energy exchange with their environment and also seek to achieve balance in this process, or simply adapt to the environment. Although individuals strive to achieve balance and maximum functional status, they also actively seek new experiences that may disturb their balance at least temporarily† (Smerke, 1989, p. 155). This means, it is also important to deal with the roots of health dysfunctions such as lifestyle, habits, negative influences of the closest environment, job stress and so forth – I believe, each nurse is supposed to provide recommendations concerning the elimination or minimization of negative external influences and the development of healthy lifestyle, which increases productivity and both physical and psychological balance. Thus, it is necessary to take a holistic approach to health (Andrews and Amphlett, 1995), which would include both the satisfaction of health-related needs and attention to the patient’s individuality, as the final goal of nursing is the maximization of well-being. Speaking about the view on client within the philosophy of professional nursing, it is important to note that the patient â€Å"is a human being who has dignity, worth and the right to quality nursing care delivered with competence. The nurse practices with compassion and respect for the dignity and uniqueness of every individual with attention to the cultural and ethnic diversity of patients and their significant others† (Smith, 1995, p. 11). Individuals operate in dissimilar environments, so different issues might influence their health. Attentive listening and compassion within the basic nursing care might have really therapeutic effects, which will appear motivating to both nurse and health care service user. In addition, mutual understanding between the patient and the nurse are necessary to develop a true partnership in the relationship (Andrews and Amphlett, 1995), this aspect especially relates to the work with children, who often have fear of health services, hospitals and specialists in the corresponding uniform and thus refuse to cooperate. The respect for patient’s dignity includes non-judgmental approach to the client’s lifestyle and cultural sensitivity. The nurse is not entitled to be a spiritual teacher, and should be tolerant enough to avoid accusing patients of their health problems, such professionals, as I believe, should rather inspire patients to develop healthy habits rather than demonstrating strong dissatisfaction. Nurse’s role is not limited to the assistance in carrying out doctor’s orders, as they are often supposed to make their own decisions, as the number of unpredicted and unexpected situations is huge in the sphere of health care. I deem, nurses should also be advocates for patients, as they deal with service users much more closely than doctors and thus are welcome to suggest certain changes in the process of health care and discuss them with therapists (for instance, therapists not always notice that patients also require professional psychological counseling, so nurse should not hesitate to talk about this situation). I believe, nurses should also provide counseling in health care and, being prepared for work in the globalized society, they should take into consideration the client’s cultural background and their personal values, through which it is easier to articulate the necessity of adherence to certain recommendations. Furthermore, globalization also determines the need for social activity among nurses, as wellness and well-being might be threatened by dissatisfactory living conditions like poverty, against which they are encouraged to act, creating unions and associations. Working in health care teams, nurses also act as managers and team leaders, with respect to their competencies and skills. In the modern society, nursing should rely upon the specialist’s professionalism, or the ability to use the skills, learned in the course of education, depending upon the situation. Professionalism also involves the responsibility for human life and health (Smith, 1993), as nurses often have much freedom in health services and thus should be flexible enough to apply the knowledge of various disciplines where they are relevant. I believe it is also necessary to renew and enrich the knowledge; for his purpose, nursing includes the research of professional literature. To sum up, my own philosophy of nursing was developed to great extent owing to education (including self-training), as it was necessary to find out more about different approaches to health care and select the set of principles, with which I am completely consistent and to which I can adhere as a specialist. My philosophical views, as one can conclude, are comprehensive, as I take into consideration such issues as holism in health care, professional contact with patients, nurse’s roles, multiculturalism and research.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Otec Environmental Sciences Essay

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Otec Environmental Sciences Essay The oceans cover a little more than 70 percent of the earth surface. This makes it the worlds largest solar energy collector and energy storage system. On an average day, 60 million square kilometers if tropical seas absorb and amount of solar radiation equal in heat content to about 250 million barrels of oil. The history of mankind, have depended upon its ability to conquer the forces of nature, and to utilize these forces to serve its needs. Energy technology is certainly one of the most important factors in the emergence of mankind as the dominant species of this plant. The invention of the practical steam engine by James watt, brought about development of large factories, steam ships and the steam locomotive. First wood was used, then coal. About the same time, the use of coal instigated advances in metallurgy .petroleum from natural seepage has been used since ancient times for lighting, lubrication and waterproofing. The introduction of drilling for oil greatly increased the s upply of oil. The industrial revolution switches in to high gear. One problem is that the natural seepage is limited and in a few years the elements will be used. The development of nuclear power was touted as the answers to all mankinds energy woes. It not turned out that way. The elimination of government subsidies for nuclear power plants has made them quite unaffordable. When it went so bad no insure in the world will write disaster for nuclear power plant The concept of OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) has existed for over a century as fantasised by Jules Verne in 1870 and conceptualised by French physicist, Jacques arsene d arsonval in 1881. Despite this an operating OTEC power facility was not developed until the 1920s. 2.2 WHAT IS OTEC OTEC, ocean thermal energy conversion is an energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC systems use the oceans natural thermal gradient, consequently the temperature difference between the warm surface water and the cold deep water below 600 metres by about 20c, an OTEC system can produce, a significantly amount of power. The oceans are thus a vast renewable resource; with the potential to help us in the OTEC process is also rich in nutrients and it can be used to culture both marine organism and plant life near the shore or on land The total influx of solar energy into earth is of thousands of time as a great as mankind total energy use. All of our coal, oil and natural gas are the result of the capture of solar energy by life of the past. There have been, any projects for harnessing solar energy, but most have not been successful because they attempt to capture the energy directly. The idea behind OTEC is the use of all a natural collectors, the se, instead of artificial collector. 2.3 HOW OTEC WORKS Warm water is collected on the surface of the tropical ocean and pumped by a warm water pump. The water is pumped through the boiler, where some of the water is used to heat the working fluid, usually propane or some similar material. The propane vapour expands through a turbine which is coupled to a generator that generating electric power. Cold water from the bottom is pumped through the condenser, where the vapour returns to the liquid state. The fluid is pumped back into the boiler. Some small fraction of the power from the turbine is used to pump the water through the system and to power other internal operations, but most of it is available as net power. There are two different kinds of OTEC power plants, the land based and the floating plant. First, land based power plants, the land based pilot plant will consist of a building. This building will contain the heat exchangers, turbines, generators and controls. It will be connected to the ocean via several pipes, and an enormous fish farm (100 football areas) by other pipes. Warm water is collected through a screened enclosure close to the store. A long pipe laid on the slope collects cold water. Power and fresh water are generated in the building by the equipment. Used water if first circulated in to the marine culture pond (fish farm) and then discharges by the third pipe in to the ocean, downstream from the warm water inlet. This is done so that the outflow does not reenter the plan, since re use of warm water would lower the available temperature difference. While, the other OTEC power plants is floating power plants, the floating power plant works in the same way as the land base d the apparent different is that the floating plant is floating. Where actually OTEC can be used, OTEC can be sited anywhere across about 60 million squares kilometres of tropical oceans anywhere there is deep cold water lying under warm surface water this generally means between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. Surface water is these regions, warmed by the sun, generally stys at 25 degrees Celsius or above. Ocean water more than 1000 meters below the surface is generally at about 4 degrees C. 2.4 TYPES OF OTEC There are three types of OTEC designs: open cycle, closed cycle and hybrid cycle. Closed cycle Closed cycle systems use fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia, to rotate a turbine to generate electricity. Here how it works. Warm surface sea water is pumped through a heat exchanger where the low boiling water point is vaporized. The expanding vapour turns the turbo generator, then clod, deep seawater pumped through a second heat exchanger condenses the vapour back into a liquid, which is then recycle through the system Open cycle Open cycle OTEC uses the tropical oceans warm surface water to make electricity. When warm seawater is placed in a low pressure container, it boils. The expanding steam drives a low pressure turbine attached to an electrical generator. The steam, which has left its slat behind in the low pressure container, is almost pure fresh water. It is condensed back into a liquid by exposure to cold temperature from deep oceans water Hybrid cycle Hybrid system combines the feature of both the closed cycle an open cycle system. In a hybrid system, warm seawater enters a vacuum chamber where it is flash evaporated into steam, similar to the open cycle evaporation process. The steam vaporizes a low boiling point fluid that drives a turbine to produce electricity 2.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OTEC The advantages of OTEC is the uses OF OTEC is clean, renewable, its natural resource. Warm surface seawater and cold water from the ocean depths replace fossil fuels to produce electricity. Second, its suitably designed OTEC plants will produce little or no carbon dioxide or other pollutant chemical Third, OTEC system can produce fresh water as well as electricity. This is a significant adapted in island areas where fresh water is limited, other there is enough solar energy received and stored in the warm tropical oceans surface layer to provide most, if not all, of present human energy needs and last the use of OTEC as a source of electricity will help reduce the state almost complete dependence on imported fossil fuels. The disadvantages of OTEC is produced electric at present would cost more than electricity generated from fossil fuels at theirs current costs. Second, OTEC plants must be located were a difference of about 20;c occurs year round. Ocean depths must be available fairly close to shore based facilities for economics operation. Floating plant ships could provide more flexibility. Third, there is no energy company will put money in this project because it only has been tested in very smell scale and last, the construction of OTEC plants and lying of pipes in coastal water may cause localised damage to reefs and near shore marine ecosystems. 2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OTEC OTEC systems are, for the most part, environmentally benign. Although accidental leakage of closed cycle working fluids can pose a hazard, under normal conditions, the only effluents are the mixed seawater discharges and dissolved gases that come out of solution when sea water is depressurized. Although the quantities of outgassed species may be significant for large OTEC systems, with the exception of carbon dioxide, these species are benign. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and can impact global climate; however, OTEC systems release one or two orders of magnitude less carbon dioxide than comparable fossil fuel power plants and those emissions may be sequestered easily in the ocean or used to stimulate marine biomass production. OTEC mixed seawater discharges will be at lower temperatures than sea water at the ocean surface. The discharges will also contain high concentrations of nutrients brought up with the deep sea water and may have a different salinity. It is important; ther efore, that release back into the ocean is conducted in a manner that minimizes unintended changes to the ocean mixed layer biota and avoids inducing long-term surface temperature anomalies. Analyses of OTEC effluent plumes suggest that discharge at depths of 50-100 m should be sufficient to ensure minimal impact on the ocean environment. Conversely, the nutrient-rich OTEC discharges could be exploited to sustain open-ocean Mari culture

The Significance Of The Enlightenment Philosophy Essay

The Significance Of The Enlightenment Philosophy Essay The purpose of writing this essay is to understand and analyse the significance of the Enlightenment in the development of the scientific method.This paper has been divided into three parts. The first part explains the reason of the coming of Enlightenment. Next,assessing the differences between theological interpretation and scientific method,and the third part analyses the Enlightenments spirit how to promote the development of scientific method.In addition,I will refer to a number of representative,for example,Newton,Rene Descartes, John Locke, David Hume,Rousseau, Kant and they rejected that theory was the only way leading to truth, condemning peoples thoughts about Christianity,celebrating reason,equality,science and humans ability to perfect themselves and society(Herry,J.2004).Their theories and contributions play an active role in the development of the scientific method .The overall purpose is to enable people to learn about the Enlightenment, the coming of scientific method ,and understand the significance of the Enlightenment in the development of the scientific method of inquiry. At the beginning ,lets see the reason of the coming of the Enlightenment.Firstly,in the seventeen and eighteen century ,European societies underwent a transition from feudal society to a capitalist society.With the development of economic, the bourgeoisie hold a strong power. But the feudal autocratic system was a huge obstacle to their further development, in order to overthrow the feudal remnants and replace them, the bourgeoisie must create public opinion. This was the original prupose of English Enlightenment(Hamilton, P. 1992). Secondly, the occurrence of the Enlightenment had a close relationship between the development of the natural sciences.In the 17,18 century, the natural sciences has been rapid development. The development of the natural sciences provide the basis for the Enlightenment, as the Enlightenment thinkers in many ways from the emerging natural sciences to find the theoretical underpinnings and ways of thinking.In the 18th century ,natural philosophers believed that scientific revolution could change all human activity.On this period, there have been many enlightened thinkers,who forcefully dispelled the shackles of peoples mind of the medieval scholastic shackles,promote scientific experiments and celebrated reason,equality,science and humans ability to perfect themselves and society(Henry,J.2004).Enlightenment was generated in this request. And then formed the basic spirit of the Enlightenment,which was against the divine right of kings and advocated natural rights, which based on the development of modern science and led to generate a new world view. Enlightenment was an anti-feudal, anti-Christian ideology and culture of the revolutionary movement(Herry,J.2004).It was the furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth century, took placed during the seventeenth and eighteenth century in Europe, was originally produced in the UK, and then developed into France, Germany and Russia, in addition, the Netherlands, Belgium and other countries were also affected.The thinkers of the Enlightenment,based on reason and materialism,denounced the Christian idea of peoples inherent depravity,celebrating reason,equality,science and humans ability to perfect themselves and society (Outram,D). An important aspect of the Enlightenment flourished the development of science. The thinkers of the Scientific Revolution generated the concepts of inductive and deductive reasoning, stimulating the formation of the scientific method(Kuhn, T. 1962). The scientific method was the understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge or access to the procedure or process.Compared with theological interpretation,scientific method is practiced within using empirical evidence(empiricism), practicing logical reasonsing(rationalism),and had a skeptical about presumed knowledge (skepticism),that led to self-questioning, holding tentative conclusions, and was willing to change their religion(Steven, D 1994).The Empiricist Bacons New instrument (1620) and the rational commentators of Descartess Scientific method (1637) were represented the two wings of the scientific method the experience and assumptions inductive and deductive method. They laid the scientific method of pattern or schema.(Perry,M.1993) Enlightenments spirit promote the development of scientific method(Kuhn, T. 1962).In many ways, the basic spirit of the Enlightenment was against the divine right of kings and advocated natural rights, which based on the development of modern science and led to generate a new world view.In addition,the Enlightenment grew directly out of the scientific revolution(Kuhn, T. 1962).The Enlightenment thinkers admired the discoveries of the scientific method revolution and valued the method that made them possible.In a world , the Enlightenment promote the development of the scientific method of inquiry.Through the three generations of enlightenment and their contribution to be find. The Enlightenment was largely the work of three overlapping and closely linked generations of thinkers(Hamilton,1992:25). The first generation of Enlightenment thinkers were the English scientist Isaac Newton(1642-1727),political philosopher John Locke(1632-1704),the French thinkers Voltaire(1694-1778 ).In the 17th century, the great achievements of modern science has changed human life and world view. Newtons natural philosophy deciphered natures mysteries.In 1687,Newton published a famous book: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, in this book ,he provided a lot of mathematical evidence of the laws of gravity. He had uncovered universal laws that explained the physical phenomena,and provide clear and certain answers to the problem of the social world (Outram,D).Newton, considered one of the most influential scientists. He encouraged everyone to observe and realize the world. Equally important, Newton shows scientific ideas and methods can be applied to the development of science, not a moment to pave the way for many generations the enlightenment thinkers.(Henry,J.2004). One of the leaders of the Enlightenment Voltaire, who introduced Newtons system of thought to the center of movement France.A rational spirit of the Enlightenment was against the ignorance and mysticism, in fact,made a popularity of the spirit of science. During the same period,another philosophies John Locke developed Bacons idea that all ideas and derived all knowledge, opinions and behaviour had to based on sense expenses and attacked on metaphysics.According his thought,Locke established empiricism .And after that,Enlightenment thinkers held that people should not dwell on unanswered questions, especially should not spent time on the result of the theology, but should seek practical knowledge, inspired people and made them control their own environment(Outram,D).They thought that all of the theory must be analyzed to determine and the practical experience of mankind based on the confirmation.Lockes empiricism instead of chrity and verification and aspiried to useful knowledge.Thus, it helped to mold the utilitarian and reformist spirit of the Enlightenment. The second generation included the Scottish philosopher David Hume(1711-1776) and French philosopher Rousseau(1712-1778).It was more explicitly anticlericaland continued and developed the interest in the application of scientific method to moral(or social) issues developed by members of the first generation. The Scottish philosopher David Hume was influenced by John Locke,made a philosophical discovery that opened up to him a new senses of thought'(Hamilton, P. 1992).From then on,scientific method offered greater opportunities to question even basic assumption.In 1739 , David Hume published the Treatise of Human Nature argued that the problem of induction was unsolvable.Humes skepticism was based on experience,and based on the argument, these arguments were divided into two aspects: one was with Locke and Berkeley as the representative of the implementation of the principles of empiricism and the development of this argument will be advanced to British empiricism its logical conclusion, explaining that it implied skepticism; the other was through experience and psychological analysis demonstrates that the human while the existence of an object with the outside world, the same self and causality, etc., irresistible natural beliefs, However, we did not have these beliefs was based on objec tive reality, we can describe their psychological processes occur, but not for their objective validity of the defence.The most important of Humes approach was strong move against metaphysics as speculative and meaningless(Lindberg,1990).By 1750 the scientific method had already become inductive, historical, anthropological, comparative, and critical(Hamilton, P. 1992). In the same period,another Enlightenment thinkers Jean-Jacques Rousseau pointed out the accumulation of knowledge,which can help people to improve understanding but destruct the human morality(Stephen,E.B.2008). Rousseau questioned advanced in knowledge and advocated getting back to nature.Rousseaus argument for educational purposes in order to cultivate a natural person, and attacked the nobility and the feudal education, and he believed that nature did not manufacture the nobility and gentry, and everyone should, according to nature and life. In this respect, Rousseaus theory was a progressive of the educational purposes, but his theory of human nature was good when he born that was not science, because nature was just the potential physical and mental development, education can not be one-sided response to peoples instincts.In the new society,reason would be used to enhance mans innate goodness and to make him free.Rousseaus empnases on self-reliance and on learning by doing rathe r than by rote-the first book that Emile will read was Robinson Crusoe-make him a forerunner of the progressive education advocated. From then on ,scientific knowledge came to be seen as instrument for securing control over the human condition and make it better(Loflin,L). Enlightenment was characterized by doing away with superstition and mysticism, advocate science (natural philosophy, or simply said in philosophy) and reason this period was known as the Age of Reason(Kuhn, T) The ideal of the Enlightenment inspired many subsequent thinkers-The third generation included the German philosopher Kant (1724à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1804) who couraged people to use own intelligence to break with beliefs and institutions(Hamilton, P. 1992). Kant attempted to steer a middle course between two position of Rationalism and Empiricism.Reason and observation work together(Perry,M.1993).In 1784,Kant entitledwhat is Enlightenment?,in his essay,he expressed this central principle of the Enlightenment.He said Enlightenment was mans leaving his self-caused immaturity.Immaturity is the incapacity to use ones intelligence without the guidance of another. Have the courage to use your own intelligence,is therefore the motto of the enlightenment. Kant rejected the authority of tradition, the philosopher wanted people to have the courage to break with beliefs and institutions that did not meet the test of reason and common to seek new guideposts derived from reason.For Kant, the Enlightenment was a process of becoming enlightened(Perry,M.1993). This assignment has explained the central importance of the Enlightenment in the development of scientific method.In early modern time,from Bacon cannot link the relationship between truth and reason,and Descartes simply described the reason and truth,human reason and scientific method and progress.In the Pre-Modernment time,Enlightenment reached peak amongest the French philosopher.Using the scientific methods based on the nature of science ,which was the objective forms of knowledge. However, Enlightenment itself was in a moral restraint to improve society. In other words, the moral dimension of enlightenment was built on a specific value(Stephen,E.B 2008). From this point, Enlightenment can be seen as a standard program. Scientific method, on the other hand, regarded itself as one of the biggest pursuit of justice that was interested in discovery of facts in the form of objective à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“lawsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. We have seen Enlightenment enabled the study of social life to break away from religious interpretations and established human beings as the active agency in constructing scientific knowledge.In addition, the Enlightenment marks the final break between pre-modern and modern knowledge,for it transformed the way in which the system of knowledge related to the social structure and social agency.It operated principles of modern knowledge.At the same time,the development of the natural sciences provide the basis for the Enlightenment, as the Enlightenment thinkers in many ways from the emerging natural sciences to find the theoretical underpinnings and ways of thinking and lead to promote the scientific and economic, social and political transformation of development.